Knee Joint Physiology - Patient Education Portal

The knee joint is a miracle of nature's engineering. These joints serve as a crucial pivot point in daily movements, enabling activities ranging from walking and running to bending and kneeling. As we age, joints are often the first to give in and prevent us from living an active life.

Anatomy of the Knee Joint

At the heart of the knee joint lies a complex interplay of bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. The femur (thighbone), tibia (shinbone), and patella (kneecap) form the primary structure, while ligaments and tendons provide mobility and support.

Cartilage

Central to knee joint physiology is the presence of cartilage, a resilient and smooth tissue that lines the ends of the bones. This articular cartilage serves as a cushioning system, which is able to absorb shock and friction during movement, thereby ensuring smooth articulation and preventing wear and tear.

Ligaments and Muscles

Ligaments, sturdy bands of connective tissue, help maintain the stability of the knee joint. The anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and lateral collateral ligament work in tandem to prevent excessive movement and maintain alignment.

Ligaments are not the sole stability-ensuring parts of joints. Surrounding the knee joint is a network of muscles, including the quadriceps, hamstrings, and calf muscles, each contributing to the dynamic movement and stability of the joint. These muscles contract and relax in harmony, generating the power needed for activities like walking, jumping, and climbing stairs.

Range of Motion

Within the knee joint is synovial fluid, a viscous fluid that acts as a lubricant. It reduces friction between the moving parts of the joint. The knee joint's range of motion is defined by its ability to flex and extend. Flexion occurs when the knee bends, bringing the heel towards the buttocks, while extension involves straightening the knee to its full capacity. This enables a wide range of movements essential for daily activities.

In essence, the knee joint physiology represents a harmonious symphony of composing structures and mechanisms. Knees help facilitate movement, provide stability, and support a healthy and active lifestyle.