Osteoarthritis: conservative treatment options

Exercise Therapy

One cornerstone of conservative osteoarthritis management is exercise therapy. Regular physical activity helps improve joint flexibility, strengthen muscles around affected joints, and maintain overall joint function. The American College of Rheumatology recommends a combination of aerobic exercises, such as walking or swimming, along with strength training and flexibility exercises. A meta-analysis concluded that exercise interventions are effective in reducing pain and improving physical function of joints in individuals with knee osteoarthritis.

Physical Therapy

Physical therapy plays a vital role in osteoarthritis management by providing personalized exercises and techniques to improve joint mobility and stability. Therapeutic modalities, such as ultrasound and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), can also be employed to alleviate pain. A randomized controlled trial demonstrated that manual physical therapy combined with exercise is more effective than exercise alone in reducing pain and improving joint function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis.

Pain Management

Various pharmacological options can be considered for pain management in osteoarthritis. Acetaminophen is commonly recommended as a first-line analgesic, while non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be used for short-term relief. However, caution should be exercised due to potential side effects, especially in long-term use. 

Assistive Devices and Orthotics

The use of assistive devices and orthotics can aid in relieving joint stress and improving overall mobility. Knee braces, for example, may provide support and reduce pain in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. There is a systematic review and meta-analysis in the Journal of the American Medical Association, which found that the use of lateral wedge insoles can be effective in reducing pain and improving function in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis.

Weight Management

Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial in managing osteoarthritis, particularly in weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips. Excess body weight increases the load on joints, exacerbating pain and accelerating cartilage wear. A study found that weight loss of at least 10% of body weight can significantly reduce pain and improve function in overweight and obese individuals with knee osteoarthritis.

Conservative treatment options for osteoarthritis encompass a multifaceted approach, including exercise therapy, weight management, physical therapy, assistive devices, orthotics, and use of pain management medications. These evidence-based interventions aim to alleviate symptoms, improve joint function, and enhance the overall well-being of individuals with osteoarthritis. As with any medical condition, consultation with healthcare professionals is essential to tailor treatment plans to individual needs.